How reviewers are chosen
Reviewers are selected for disciplinary expertise, screened for conflicts and verified against ORCID. Collaborators, direct competitors and reviewers at the author’s own institution are avoided, and a justified author exclusion is honoured.
Peer review
Conflicts of interest
Editors declare a conflict for each assignment they accept. Where one exists an alternative editor is assigned, and the conflict statement appears in the published article.
Editorial policies
When an editor steps aside
An editor must recuse themselves from any manuscript in which a conflict exists, and editorial responsibility passes to another qualified editor.
Editorial policies
A manuscript written by an editor
A manuscript authored by a board member is handled by another qualified editor. The author takes no part in its assessment or its decision.
Editorial policies
Editorial independence
Editorial decisions are based on scope, scholarly quality, methodological rigor, ethical compliance, reporting quality and research integrity. Article processing charges, memberships and sponsorships do not influence editorial decisions.
Editorial policies
Appeals and complaints
Appeals are submitted to the editorial office and reviewed by an editor not involved in the original decision. Complaints are considered under the journal’s published procedures and applicable publication-ethics guidance.
Editorial policies
Research integrity
Every submission is screened with iThenticate. Concerns about duplicated panels, splices or identical noise in figures are raised confidentially with the editor, and allegations of misconduct follow the COPE flowcharts.
Research and publication ethics
Correcting the record
A publisher error is corrected by erratum and an author error by corrigendum. Where a concern is unresolved an expression of concern is issued, and a finding that invalidates the work leads to retraction.
Editorial policies
Confidentiality
Editors treat submissions and reviewer identities as confidential and never use unpublished material from a manuscript without the author’s consent.
For editors
Continuing membership
Appointments are reviewed and renewed annually by the editorial office.
For editors