Abstract
Background
Apis Mellifera L venom (Honeybees) is potent and safe anticancer drug. The present case is Basal Cell Carcinoma (SBCC), recurrent and invasde the skin of head (upper right, in front of the right ear). The patient was 65 years old in time of first intervention and the origin of BCC was primarily seen as abnormal growths and changes in birth mole on right side of head.
Materials & Methods
Preparation Bee Venom solution: Bee venom powder (crude) of dose 1gm was dissolved in 1000 ml of sterile distilled water then filtered by 0.22 micron syring filter. That final concentration of the stock bee venom become 1 ug /ml (i.e. 1ul=1 ug), and kept at -20◦C. (1mg (dried BV) + 1ml (water) = Final concentration (1ug/1 ul)). Before this novel intervention, allergy test performed by subcutaneous injection of small dose of bee venom (0.1 ml) and wait for at least one hour. The patient was not hypersensitive to honeybees’ venom. First stage of treatment: 1- Syringe of 1ml volume was used for direct local injection of cancer area by 0.3 ml from prepared Honeybees venom (0.1 % conc.). 2- At the same time, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of bee venom solution infiltrated around the affected ear. 3- Topical application of the bee venom ointment 2% (bee venom in Vaseline) inside affected ear to protect the ear drum. This process repeated daily with cleaning of the ear every time by suitable safe and sterile saline solutions. 2nd stage: daily S/C injection in axillary area upper lymph nodes of 0.3 ml / bee venom ‘total doses 0.6 ml BV’ (left & right). 3rd stage: bee venom dissolved in sterile Clove oil was applied on inner ear above the drum. 4th stage: Management of healing process was enhanced by ascorbic acid solution as topical application on dead cancer cells and to help in removal of exudates and debris.
Results
The complete removal of malignant growths in affected ear achieved after 1 month from first bee venom injections. However; the cancerous areas under the second surgical intervention were treated during the next month.
Conclusions
Apis Mellifera L venom as anticancer drug is totally different from using direct stings as a method of Apitherapy, that because collection of bee venom lead to evaporating of most allergic substance that present in bees stings, also it can be used per os in people who exhibit different degrees of allergy against the drug safely.
Author Contributions
Academic Editor: Fatma Taher, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Checked for plagiarism: Yes
Review by: Single-blind
Copyright © 2020 Samia Ahmed Kamal
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation:
Introduction
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), first described by Jacob in 1827 1. The classical basal cell carcinoma arises in the epidermis itself, producing first a plaque-like thickening of the skin and later a slowly enlarged ulcer (Jacob’s ulcer). BCC is the most common malignant neoplasm of humans. SBCC is highly destructive malignant tumor that spread by invasion to adjacent areas, primarily affecting the skin layers then attacks other tissues (e.g. cartilages, blood vessels). The identification of high risk SBCC types is based on tumor primary origin, invasiveness characteristics and patient clinical factors include demographic information age (old/childhood), immune suppression, organ transplant, prior burn or radiotherapy, and whether this is a primary or recurrent tumor. Tumor-related features include tumor size and location. High risk includes head and neck skin; deeper invasion beyond reticular dermis, ears and neural and lympho-vascular involvement. On rare occasions, a lesion manifests tenderness or pain which can be a clue to perineural infiltration in the aggressive growth varieties. Sensorimotor compromise has been reported particularly in lesions of the pre-auricular and cheek areas 2. The typical SBCC aggressive growth tumors tend to show more frequent ulceration and large, untended neoplasms can be locally destructive of eyes, ears and nares 3.
The venom of the honeybees (workers) causes certain pain at the site of the sting, moderate swelling and slight reddening. In the act of stinging, the venom sac and attached muscles are torn from the bee, causing its death. The muscles then continue to work the sting deeper into the wound and inject further venom. To prevent this, the sting should be scraped out with a fingernail (not grasped and pulled out, as these forces all remaining venom into the wound) 4. Some people develop acute allergic reactions to bee stings. An allergic reaction becomes evident in less than an hour and consists of extreme difficulty in breathing, heart irregularity, shock, splotched skin, and speech difficulty.
A person showing signs of an allergic reaction should see a medical doctor immediately 5, 6. Bee venom once excreted from bee’s stings is a clear liquid, turns to forms whitish crystals when exposed to air. Bee venom is a mixture of histamine, pheromones, enzymes, peptides, amino acids and other acids, with over 100 components in total. The main enzymes present are phospholipase A, hyaluronidase, and lecithinase; while the main peptides are mellitin, apamin and peptide 401 (a powerful anti-inflammatory agent). Mellitin, a cationic peptide of 26 amino acid length, makes up 50% of the dry weight of bee venom, and acts as anticoagulants. It also lowers blood pressure, causes histamine release. Both mellitin and apamin cause the body to release cortisol, a natural steroid, while peptide 401 is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent. The main amino acids in bee venom are cysteine and methionine, both of which contain sulphur. Sulphur is important in inducing cortisol release from the adrenal glands. Histamine makes up 0.9% of venom, and causes itching and pain at the site of the sting. The acids present, which include formic, hydrochloric and orthophosphoric acids, are now believed to be much less important in causing pain than was previously thought. Honeybee Venom (HBV) has been recognized as anti-cancer drug in vitro and in vivo (stings of honeybees on the affected area or the extracted bee venom by intramuscular injection). The venom stimulates the release of cortisol, and so is effective in the treatment of rheumatic disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Mellitin is believed to be the main active agent. Bee venom therapy is one aspect of apitherapy (use of bee products for curing disease). Mellitin is also being investigated as an anti-cancer agent. By modifying the mellitin molecule to prevent allergic reaction, and attaching a cancer-specific antibody (this combination of toxin and antibody is called an immunotoxin), researchers hope to produce a ‘magic bullet’ treatment - so called because it would only destroy cancer cells (unlike conventional chemotherapy agents, which destroy all types of cell, causing unpleasant side effects such as vomiting and hair loss) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.
Material and Methods
Materials
A) Extraction of Honeybee Venom
The electrical shock method has been used to stimulate the bees to sting. The collector frame placed at the entrance of the hive and connected to a device which supplies electrical impulses, when bees receive a mild electric shock; they sting the surface of the collector sheet as they see this to be the source of danger. However, Honeybees didn’t die after stinging the plate. The deposited venom between the glass and the protective material was dried then later scrapped off by a razor blade and collected in a dark bottle (Figure 1).
Figure 1.Honey Bees Venom, dry whitish crystals, it is the crude substance.
B) Preparation of Bee Venom Solution
Bee venom powder (crude) of dose 1gm was dissolved in 1000 ml of sterile distilled water then filtered by 0.22 micron syring filter. That final concentration of the stock bee venom become 1 ug /ml (i.e. 1ul=1 ug), and kept at -20◦C. (1mg (dried BV) + 1ml (water) = Final concentration (1ug/1 ul)).
C) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
It was white crystalline powder, soluble in water. Concentrated solution was prepared in phosphate buffer solution (PBS).
D) Clove Oil
Bee venom diluted solution 0.1 % was added to the oil in a ratio of 1 /10 (bee venom/ clove oil).
Methods
Bee Venom Subcutaneous Injection of Superficial Lymph Nodes
The process of using bee venom should be suitable and unique for every single case. Management of the application process should be mindfully and logic. Injection in the axillary lymph nodes by safer doses daily in cancer patient is apriority. So that, the present patient receive daily dose of 0.3 ml bee venom in each axillary lymph nodes as subcutaneous injection.
Preparation of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
A concentrated solution of vitamin C dissolved in saline solution was prepared for topical use as a dressing over the affected skin. The use of vitamin C helped to get rid of pus and dead tissue in the affected area. The growth of cancer within the skin of the ear made us have to focus on the injection of bee venom under the skin around the ear and not inside the ear.
Clove Oil Mixed with Bee Venom for Topical Application
Clove oil mixed with bee venom, the drug prepared in order to deliver the medicine to the diseased ear; we poured the mixture into the ear and left it for up to 8 hours in order to give the opportunity to absorb the medicine. Clove oil is a volatile oil that contains antimicrobial agents, palliatives and pain relievers. The ulcerative lesions clean up after using this mixture. It applied alternatively as dressing over the malignant growths. The mixture showed good results as the injury appeared to be clean from the dead tissue and from the pus, as it accelerated the elimination of parts of the cancerous growth by turning it into exudates of pus like material, which washed out by thorough cleaning.
Results
A) Case History
In the present case, Female patient (65 years old) observed inflamed and ulcerated birth mole that ignored for a while. Then after the huge abnormal growths it diagnosed as BCC followed by surgically removal (first surgical removal), but malignant growths recurrent during following year from first operation, then a second surgical removal of the recurrent BCC. A recurrence of cancer occurs 4 months later in the form of malignant growth in the skin of right ear, the lesion progress rapidly and invades the right ear (the beginning of the new intervention by bee venom).
B) Basal Cell Carcinoma Spreading Behavior
The lesions extended laterally from previous sites; showings fingers channels through affected tissue, which appears blackish brown in color, under the grafted skin, it extends fingers in the deep tissue. Bee venom destruct these fingers with highly selective manner, as the drug only destroy the neoplastic growths, leaving healthy tissue with its normal blood capillaries. The gross picture of the lesions different in the course of treatment, the unapparent neoplastic growths was observed after removal of the destructed lesions, exhibiting the pathway of tumor cells spreading. Local injection was highly recommended, as it destroys abnormal cells and exposed the areas of the unapparent subcutaneous neoplastic lesions.
C) Allergy Test
Performed by S/C injection of small dose of bee venom (0.1 ml) same as testing for penicillin and wait for at least one hour; however, no signs of allergy appeared. The patient was not hypersensitive to honeybees’ venom.
Stages of Treatment:
1st Stage
1. Syringe of 1ml volume was used for direct local injection of cancer area by 0.3 ml from prepared Honeybees venom (0.1 % conc.). The cancer was removed by direct application of bee venom on the lesion. These processes were performed every day till the end of first month. The patient advised to sleep against the gravity putting the affected ear on the billow (i.e. sleep on right side of body to allow exudates to move away from the ear cavity).
2. Every day during first month, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of bee venom solution infiltrated around the affected ear, resulted in destruction of cancer in the ear and adjacent area. The dead cancer cells became exudates and removed in the dressing.
3. Topical application of the bee venom ointment 2% (bee venom in Vaseline) inside affected ear to protect the ear drum. This process repeated daily for period of a month with cleaning of the ear every time by suitable safe and sterile saline solutions.
2nd Stage
Daily S/C injection in axillary area upper lymph nodes of 0.3 ml / bee venom ‘total doses 0.6 ml BV’ left & right. This method aimed to enhance immune system and add more protective effects of bee venom to the whole process.
3rd Stage
Bee venom dissolved in sterile Clove oil was applied on inner ear above the drum. This process substituted bee venom cream and repeated until the complete recovery. These processes make ear drum stay safe and cancer did not reach to inner ear.
4th Stage
During the course of bee venom treatment the exudates of dead cancer cell accumulated and so ascorbic acid used for the management of healing process and enhance removal of exudates and debris.
Application of this Method was Performed Until Disappearance of Cancer and Completes Healing.
Discussion
Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma (SBCC) is a common malignancy affecting most probably populations with light skin. SBCC can cause significant local destructions depending on affected site. Biological transformation of BCC tends to occur at the base and edges of the growing neoplasm. The diagnosis of BCC can be suspected from clinical findings and confirmation of diagnosis requires histopathology of biopsy 1, 2, 3.
Apis mellifera L’s venom (Honeybees) as injectable solutions (0.1%), have the potency to treat SBCC and stop the progress of this cancer. Bee venom is potent drug, with zero side effects in cases not hypersensitive against it. It cures the affected skin in very short time, without disfiguration of the patient body parts. Surgery was wrong choice in this case, giving more time for tumor cells to spread to the adjacent areas, leaving patients suffering another surgical intervention with permanent disfiguration of skin. Very small percentages of human have showed skin allergy from bee venom. However, Bee venom is safe drug when used in the recommended doses. Doses of bee venom which consider safe depends upon age, health conditions, type of illness, degree of affections, severity of illness, however in malignancy it is of special regime for every single case, depending on the practitioner experience and knowledge which should be of higher level 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.
The signs of relief were after first injection, as the irritations and annoyance inside the ear shows instant relief and completely disappeared after only one week of bee venom therapy. The affected skin which was showing thickening and color changes become gradually smaller in size, with disappearance of the malignant growths picture from the affected area. Pus and exudates were accumulated after application of the topical ointment inside the ear, which removed and cleaned before each injection. The ear returned to normal status with comments of patient that she is hearing normally from the affected ear, feel signs of relief and health. These effects were seen after 10 days only from first bee venom application. The tumor area became smaller and smaller with color changes disappeared gradually (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7).
Figure 2.normal left ear
Figure 3.Right ear; Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) seen in the skin of ear and adjacent areas, slight edema seen after Bee Venom subcutaneous injection.
Figure 4.Right ear; Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) seen in the skin of ear and adjacent areas, sloughing of cancer cells seen after Bee Venom subcutaneous injection.
Figure 5.Right ear; Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) seen in the skin of ear and adjacent areas, removal of cancer cells after Bee Venom subcutaneous injection.
Figure 6.Right ear; Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) seen in the skin of ear and adjacent areas, removal of cancer cells after Bee Venom subcutaneous injection.
Figure 7.Right ear; complete recovery of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) seen in the skin of ear and adjacent areas, removal of cancer cells after Bee Venom subcutaneous injection.
For help in slowing local spreading of BCC, and avoiding accumulation of exudates inside the affected ear, the instructions were given for patient to sleep on the right side of body and putting the affected ear down during sleeping against the gravity. Complete rest is recommended. It is noted that after the injection of bee venom, the cancerous growths died and the exudates of dead cells were leaking from the affected skin. The strong effect of bee venom on these cancerous was specifically rapid and without any side effects.
Bee venom (Apis mellifera L) is safe and effective anticancer drug. As described by: Cassier et al., (1994) study the contribution of the sting sheaths of the worker to the defensive behavior of a bee colony. The structure of the proximal part of the sting sheath integument has all the characteristics of a primitive exocrine gland: porous cuticle with enlarged pore canals and epicuticular pores, and hypertrophied epithelial cells secreting an electron dense material. The non-volatile part of the secretory product embedded the setae of the sheaths. Individual recipient guards in the laboratory and as a group at hive entrances in a bee yard displayed defense behavior only when stimulated with either sting sheaths or with setaceous membrane, but not with any other gland or organ. Enhanced defensive reaction of guards has been observed when a venom gland or Koschewnikow's glands are added to either sting sheaths or to setaceous membrane. We demonstrate for the first time that the sting sheaths have the structure of an exocrine gland and that their secretions induce defensive behavior in guards 4.In agreement with: Moreau, (2012) who mentioned that many hymenopteran species, whatever their life style, have also evolved venom with properties which enable it to regulate microbial infections. Stinging Hymenoptera seems to constitute an under-exploited ecological niche for agents of vector-borne disease. Few parasitic or mutualistic microorganisms have been reported to be hosted by venom-producing organs or to be transmitted to stung animals. This may result from the presence of potent antimicrobial molecules in venoms, histological features of venom apparatuses and selective effects of venoms on immune defenses of targeted organisms 5.In accordance with: Islam et al., (2017) have mentioned that Melittin (MEL), a major peptide component of bee venom, is an attractive candidate for cancer therapy. This agent has shown a variety of anti-cancer effects in preclinical cell culture and animal model systems 6.
In accordance with: Xinjing Wang et al., (2017) have investigated the anti-cancer activity of melittin and its regulated mechanism(s) in the PDAC models. Melittin was found to suppress tumor growth by promoting cell apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Their study has indicated that melittin is capable of suppressing tumor growth and promoting gemcitabine sensitivity in PDAC by down regulating cholesterol pathway 7. In accordance with: Miran Jo et al., (2011) have investigated whether bee venom and melittin, a major component of bee venom, inhibit cell growth through enhancement of death receptor expressions in the human ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3 and PA-1. Bee venom (1–5 μg/ml) and melittin (0.5–2 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of SKOV3 and PA-1 ovarian cancer cells by the induction of apoptotic cell death in a dose dependent manner. Consistent with apoptotic cell death, expression of death receptor (DR) 3 and DR6 was increased in both cancer cells, but expression of DR4 was increased only in PA-1 cells. They results suggest that bee venom and melittin induce apoptotic cell death in ovarian cancer cells through enhancement of DR3, DR4, and DR6 expression and inhibition of STAT3 pathway 8. In accordance with: Jeong-Eun Huh et al., (2009) have mentioned that honeybees’s venom significantly inhibited the viability of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells but did not affect peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBML) cells. BV also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The western blotting analysis showed that BV inhibited AKT and MAPK phosphorylation in LLC cells and HUVECs and down regulated expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 of LLC cells and HUVECs. They discover that Bee Venom effectively disrupted VEGF-induced neovascularization in Matrigel plugs in their in vivo angiogenesis assay. When given subcutaneously, Bee Venom was significantly suppressed tumor angiogenesis through inhibition of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in LLC model. Mice bearing subcutaneous LLC tumors were treated with 1 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml of Bee Venom, showing reductions ranging between 49% and 62% in primary tumor volume and reduction of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis occurrences. Furthermore, BV treatment in the spontaneous lung metastases model after primary tumor excision prolonged their median survival time from 27 to 58 days. These results suggest that the tumor-specific anti-angiogenic activity of Bee Venom takes effect during different stages of tumor progression by blocking the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, and validate the application of BV in lung cancer treatment 9. In accordance with: Son et al., (2007) have mentioned BV contains a variety of peptides, including melittin, apamin, adolapin, the mast-cell-degranulating (MCD) peptide, enzymes (i.e., phospholipase (PL) A (2), biologically active amines (i.e., histamine and epinephrine), and non-peptide components which have a variety of pharmaceutical properties 10. In accordance with: Oršolić, (2012) who mentioned that honeybee’s venom has been used in the treatment of some immune-related diseases, as well as in treatment of tumors. Several cancer cells, including renal, lung, liver, prostate, bladder, and mammary cancer cells as well as leukemia cells, can be targets of bee venom peptides such as melittin and phospholipase A2. The cell cytotoxic effects through the activation of PLA2 by melittin have been suggested to be the critical mechanism for the anti-cancer activity of BV. The induction of apoptotic cell death through several cancer cell death mechanisms, including the activation of caspase and matrix metalloproteinases, is important for the melittin-induced anti-cancer effects 11.
However, the antimicrobial effects of bee venom are overwhelming. Socarras et al., (2017) have mentioned that Lyme disease is a tick-borne, multi-systemic disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Though antibiotics are used as a primary treatment, relapse often occurs after the discontinuation of antimicrobial agents. The reason for relapse remains unknown, however previous studies suggest the possible presence of antibiotic resistant Borrelia round bodies, persisters and attached biofilm forms. Thus, there is an urgent need to find antimicrobial agents suitable to eliminate all known forms of B. burgdorferi. In this study, natural antimicrobial agents such as Apis mellifera venom and a known component, melittin, were tested using SYBR Green I/PI, direct cell counting, biofilm assays combined with LIVE/DEAD and atomic force microscopy methods. The obtained results were compared to standalone and combinations of antibiotics such as Doxycycline, Cefoperazone, Daptomycin, which were recently found to be effective against Borrelia persisters. Our findings showed that both bee venom and melittin had significant effects on all the tested forms of B. burgdorferi. In contrast, the control antibiotics when used individually or even in combinations had limited effects on the attached biofilm form. These findings strongly suggest that whole bee venom or melittin could be effective antimicrobial agents for B. burgdorferi; however, further research is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness in vivo, as well as their safe and effective delivery method for their therapeutic use 12. In accordance with: Park et al., (2011) have mentioned that Bee venom (1-10 µg/ml) and melittin (0.5-2.5 µg/ml) inhibited cancer cell growth through induction of apoptotic cell death in LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells (in vitro study). These effects were mediated by the suppression of constitutively activated NF-κB. Bee venom and melittin decreased anti-apoptotic proteins but induced pro-apoptotic proteins. However, pan caspase inhibitor abolished bee venom and melittin-induced apoptotic cell death and NF-κB inactivation. Bee venom (3-6 mg/kg) administration to nude mice implanted with PC-3 cells resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and activity of NF-κB accompanied with apoptotic cell death (in vivo study). Therefore, these results indicated that bee venom and melittin could inhibit prostate cancer in in vitro and in vivo, and these effects may be related to NF-κB/caspase signal mediated induction of apoptotic cell death 13.
In accordance with: Zheng et al., (2015) have mentioned that Bee venom (BV) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat arthritis, rheumatism, back pain, cancerous tumors, and skin diseases. They found that BV inhibited growth of colon cancer cells through induction of apoptosis, also found that the expression of death receptor (DR) 4, DR5, p53, p21, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-9 was increased by BV treatment in a dose dependent manner (0-5 μg/ml). Consistent with cancer cell growth inhibition, the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was also inhibited by BV treatment. Besides, they found that BV blocked NF-κB activation by directly binding to NF-κB p50 subunit. Moreover, combination treatment with BV and p50 siRNA or NF-κB inhibitor augmented BV-induced cell growth inhibition. However, p50 mutant plasmid (C62S) transfection partially abolished BV-induced cell growth inhibition. BV significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, these results suggested that BV could inhibit colon cancer cell growth, and these anti-proliferative effects may be related to the induction of apoptosis by activation of DR4 and DR5 and inhibition of NF-κB 14.
In the present case the origin of basal cell carcinoma was a birth mole on right side of head. A first sign of changes in skin mole was severe inflammation, treated with topical antibiotics, then with progress of lesions it diagnosed as classic BCC (rodent type), followed by the ineffective surgical removal. My findings are in accordance with Willis, 1960; who stated that untreated growths on the face may eventually destroy most of the facial soft tissues and bones or may penetrate to the skull or brain, and Elsewhere 1930 write that “I have reported penetration of the apex of the lung and of the spinal cord by a rodent cancer of the neck 30.
Conclusions
Bee venom treatment and my novel methods are highly effective and have protecting the patient from the severe painful surgical intervention, much safe and success in removing carcinomas. Injection and topical application of bee venoms were used in this case; however, I discover recently that administering bee venom per os is highly effective in treatment of many ailments, and so can be used by patient who exhibits certain degrees of allergy against bee’s stings. Honeybee’s venom can be used for all patients’ categories of all ages.
Authors’ contributions
Prof. Dr. Samia Ahmed Kamal; PhD (Pathology, Cairo Univ.) is the author of this research; who funded, conceived and designed the experiments; performed the experiments; reviewed and edited the manuscript and has contributed to the interpretation and discussion of the results, and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The patient and her family seek bee venom treatment after failure of multiple surgery and recurrence attacking vital organs (the ear). Fearing from spread to the brain, and destroying the ear, with life threatening conditions, they agree and seek this treatment.
Abbreviation
BV
bee venomReferences
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