Journal of Spleen And Liver Research

Journal of Spleen And Liver Research

Journal of Spleen and Liver Research

Current Issue Volume No: 1 Issue No: 1

Case Report Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Giant Isolated Hydatid Cyst of Spleen

Mehdi Soufi 1,   Ghizlane Kharrasse 2,   Khanoussi wafae 2,   Zahi Ismaili 2,   Tijani El haroudi 1,   Mohammed Bouziane 2  

1Department of digestive Surgery, Faculty of medicine Oujda, University Mohammed first, Oujda -Morocco

2Department of gastroenterology, Faculty of medicine Oujda, University Mohammed first, Oujda -Morocco

Abstract

Liver is most commonly involved organ in hydatid cyst. Primary splenic hydatid cysts are rare; we report a case of an isolated giant hydatid cyst of spleen in a 17-year-old man. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging findings and serology. Partial cystectomy was performed with success. In cystic lesions of spleen, hydatid cyst should be kept in patrician’s mind in the differential diagnosis. Although splenectomy is the gold standard for treating hydatid disease of the spleen, in young patient spleen-preserving surgery seems give good results.

Author Contributions
Received 31 Jul 2014; Accepted 10 Nov 2014; Published 12 Feb 2015;

Academic Editor: Songqing He, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University,China

Checked for plagiarism: Yes

Review by: Single-blind

Copyright ©  2015 Mehdi Soufi, et al

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

Mehdi Soufi, Ghizlane Kharrasse, Khanoussi wafae, Zahi Ismaili, Tijani El haroudi et al. (2015) Giant Isolated Hydatid Cyst of Spleen. Journal of Spleen And Liver Research - 1(1):7-11. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2578-2371.jslr-14-543

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DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-2371.jslr-14-543

Introduction:

Hydatid disease is a helminthic anthropozoonosis with worldwide distribution that is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus 1. Liver and Lungs are the most common sites of involvement in adults. Echinococcal cysts are mostly found in the liver and lungs but the disease can occur almost anywhere in the body 1. Usually, splenic involvement in hydatid cysts follows systemic dissemination or intra peritoneal spread following ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst. Primary hydatid disease of the spleen is very rare even in endemic areas 2. We report a case of an isolated giant hydatid cyst of spleen of a 17-year-old man. Treated successfully by a spleen-preserving surgery.

Case Report:

A 17-year-old young man admitted to our department with the complaint of abdominal pain localized in the left upper quadrant for the last 3 months. His physical examination revealed a splenomegaly. Immunoblot assay for Echinococcus was positive. His laboratory tests showed normal results of the serum and urine examinations, No eosinophilia was found. Chest X-ray revealed no pathological signs. An abdominal ultrasonography showed a 20 cm multivesicular cystic mass of spleen (figure 1). Contrast enhanced CT scans detected a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen. It had well-defined borders and contained multiple, round, daughter cysts in the periphery of the lesion with calcification (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4). The patient underwent a laparotomy. A large splenic cystic mass was identified, attached to diaphragm, and tail of the pancreas (figure 5). The abdomen was packed with 10% hypertonic saline soaked pads in order to protect peritoneal soilage. A partial cystectomy without splenectomy was performed. Histologic examination of the specimen resection showed an echinococcal organism residing within the hydatid cyst . The patient was discharged after 4 postoperative days. 600 mg per a day of Albendazole therapy was instaured postoperatively and continued for 6 months. Two years after surgery the patient is well with disease free.

Figure 1.Ultrasonography showing a 20 cm multivesicular cystic mass of spleen
Ultrasonography showing a 20 cm multivesicular cystic mass of spleen

Figure 2.CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen
CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen

Figure 3.CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen
CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen

Figure 4.CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen
CT showing a huge single 20×16×18cm cystic mass located in the spleen

Figure 5.Intraoperative view showing multivesicular spleen hydatid cyst.
Intraoperative view showing multivesicular spleen hydatid cyst.

Discussion:

Hydatid disease is a helminthic anthropozoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus Granulosus due to the close associations among sheep, dogs, and humans 1. Humans are the intermediate hosts and contract the infection accidently. Man acts as the end stage of the larval life cycle. It is a systemic zoonosis particularly widespread among the Middle East countries and the Mediterranean region 1. The liver is the most frequent location of parasitic cysts but Hydatid disease can occur almost anywhere in the body 2, 3. Primary hydatid cyst of spleen is extremely rare, with an incidence of 2 to 3%, even in the endemic regions 4. In our case, only isolated splenic disease was found without pulmonary, hepatic, and any other tissue involvement. When the eggs of parasite escape the liver-lung barrier (15%) they can cause a primary infestation wherever in the body through the arterial route 4, 5.

Patients with splenic hydatid cyst are usually asymptomatic or had non-specific symptoms 4. The most common finding is incidentally discovered splenomegaly 5. Our patient had a discomfort, pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Some patients may present with complications such as infection of the cyst, rupture of the cyst into the peritoneal cavity, hypersplenism, and anaphylactic choc fistulization to adjacent organs (colon, stomach and diaphragm) 6, 7, 8. In some cases pre-operative diagnosis can be difficult especially if radiological findings are non specific and serologic tests are negative 9. In our patient combination of imaging modalities and serologic tests confirms the diagnosis of isolated hydatid cyst of spleen. Abdominal X-rays may be able to show crumpled egg shell-like calcifications in the splenic area.

Ultrasonography is helpful in detecting Calcification of the cyst wall, presence of daughter cysts, cystic membranes, septa or hydatid sand 10. Lesions are usualy heterogeneous with indistinct margins, showing alveolar appearance. Multiple small round cysts with solid components are frequent. 10, 11.

Ct scan is useful for diagnosis and screening, although there are a variety of pathognomonic signs of hydatid disease on imaging, they are not always present. Other cystic lesions of spleen, such as abscess, hematoma, or pseudocyst may be a diagnostic dilemma 5, 12. CT may show the cystic lesion with or without daughter cysts within the spleen with an attenuation value near that of water without any contrast enhancement 10, 11. Hematological examination may reveal eosinophilia. Immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), latex agglutination, and indirect haemagglutination test are helpful for the diagnosis 13. A negative serology does not rule out cystic echinococcosis . In these cases the diagnosis can be difficult . Although the sensitivity of serological testing is not clearly dependent on the extent of disease, it does appear to be dependent on cyst stage. 14. echinococcal IgG ELISA test has perhaps the highest positive predictive value among the available serological tests, but unfortunately may only have a negative predictive value of <90% 14. A rapid immunochromatography test kit using the recombinant Em18 antigen was recently developed. It seems be simple, reliable, and easy-to-use 15.

The treatment is principally surgical. 5, 6, 16. Total splenectomy, partial splenectomy, cyst enucleation and unroofing with omentoplasty are the reported surgical techniques to treat splenic hydatid disease 17. Laparoscopic approach has also been described for uncomplicated hydatid cyst of the spleen 18. In our case the cyst was attached to diaphragm, tail of the pancreas and retroperitoneum, we performed a partial cystectomy without any dissection of other organs. In the literature, there is no significant difference in recurrence rates between splenectomy and spleen-sparing surgery 16.

The presence of multiple splenic cysts or communication between the spleen and nearby organs total splenectomy must be preferred 17. In young patient splenectomy may have a several complication (10%) such as hemorrhage, pancreatic or gastric injuries, thromboembolic phenomena and post splenectomy infection, in these case some surgeons prefer conservative surgery 16.

We think that in huge cyst of spleen especially in young patient total splenectomy including organ involvement may be dangerous for a benign lesion. Albendazole is an effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of hydatid cyst. it decreases the viability of cysts at the time of surgery and significantly reduces the chances of cyst recurrence 19. The chemotherapy is indicated in patients who are at high risk for surgery, after spillage during surgery and as a concomitant therapy with percutaneous drainage 19.

Conclusion

Primary hydatid cyst of spleen is rare. It is still difficult to differentiate between parasitic and non-parasitic splenic cysts. Combination of CT scan remains the most sensitive investigations for diagnosis. This case suggests that Hydatid disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in every patient with a cystic mass of the Spleen. If mortality and morbidity rates are very low, total splenectomy may be the treatment of choice in adults, but in children spleen-preserving surgery should be considered to prevent complications.

Competing Interest:

No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

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Cited by (2)

  1. 1.Mejri Atef, Arfaoui Khaoula, Ayadi Mohamed Firas, Aloui Badreddine, Yaakoubi Jasser, 2021, Primitive isolated hydatid cyst of the spleen: total splenectomy versus spleen saving surgical modalities, BMC Surgery, 21(1), 10.1186/s12893-020-01036-8
  1. 2.Hariri Bassem Al, Haider Vajeeha, Islam Mamunul, Mostafa Abdalrahman Mohammed, Alharafsheh Ahmad Eid Nazzal, et al, 2024, Unusual isolated splenic hydatid cyst: A case report, Medical Reports, 4(), 100056, 10.1016/j.hmedic.2024.100056