<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.0/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"> <article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JARH</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Aging Research And Healthcare</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2474-7785</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Open Access Pub</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>United States</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JARH-25-5760</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-25-5760</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>case-report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Traumatic Maculopathy (Berlin´S Edema) Treated with Enhancement of Human Photosynthesis®</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arturo</surname>
            <given-names>Solís Herrera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1842678268">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1842677692">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>María</surname>
            <given-names>del Carmen Arias Esparza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1842678268">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Eugenia Solís Arias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1842678268">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="idm1842678268">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>Human Photosynthesis® Research Center, Aguascalientes 20000, México. </addr-line>
      </aff>
      <aff id="idm1842677692">
        <label>*</label>
        <addr-line>Corresponding Author </addr-line>
      </aff>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Ian</surname>
            <given-names>James Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1842811468">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="idm1842811468">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>Principal Research Fellow, Edith Cowan University</addr-line>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp>
    
    Arturo Solís Herrera, <addr-line>Human Photosynthesis® Research </addr-line><addr-line>Center</addr-line><addr-line>, Aguascalientes 20000, México</addr-line>, <email>comagua2000@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="idm1842393220">
          <p>The discovery of the unsuspected capacity of eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells to produce their own oxygen, as the ǪIAPI 1® to improve it, was done at our research facilities.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="online">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>©</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Arturo Solís Herrera, et al</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="http://openaccesspub.org/jarh/article/2264">This article is available from http://openaccesspub.org/jarh/article/2264</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>Commotio retinae (CR) is a condition frequently observed in clinical practice, particularly following closed globe trauma (CGT) due to sport, labor, or traffic accident injuries. It is the main cause of unilateral vision loss in male patients aged between. It is characterized by transient gray-white retinal coloration and reduction of visual acuity (VA).</p>
        <p>Symptoms depend mainly on the location and severity (deep) of the injury, with less complains when only the superficial or peripheral retina is affected. It may be confined to the posterior pole, when it is also called Berlin’s edema, after the first hypothesis of Berlin (1873).</p>
        <p>There is no specific treatment since the treatment depends on the region of the retina and choroid affected. In this work we report a case of Berlin edema, treated with ǪIAPI 1®, to restore the balance of oxygen, which is generated at the                intracellular level.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Berlin´s edema</kwd>
        <kwd>blunt ocular trauma</kwd>
        <kwd>choroid rupture</kwd>
        <kwd>commotio retinae</kwd>
        <kwd>subretinal hemorrhage</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="36"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <page-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="idm1842535684">
      <title>Background</title>
      <p>Closed globe Trauma (CGT) is a frequent cause of loss of uniocular vision,                 especially in young men, due to vehicular accidents or during work, as well as sports <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842312468">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The presence of hyphema has been described as well as retinal tears and choroid rupture <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842317148">2</xref>. Also, microhyphema or traumatic iritis reported on approximately 81.6% of patients. As well as extrafoveal choroidal rupture, extrafoveal subretinal hemorrhage and mild vitreous hemorrhage. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842323852">3</xref></p>
      <p>The first hypothesis of Berlin (1873) was that the findings of the fundoscopic examination were due to the extracellular retinal edema <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842385692">4</xref>. Commotio retinae is a frequent cause of ophthalmological emergency following CGT, mostly due to sport, but to traffic or work accidents. There is no specific treatment, but                      clinicians usually treat anterior and posterior segments-associated injuries <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842166628">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The reported findings of the histologic examinations were identifying                         photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layers to be the major site of injury <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842171020">6</xref>. When the macular region is affected by a closed eye trauma, vision is significantly affected; especially when Bruch's membrane is damaged, because the scarring of this membrane distorts the anatomy of the area (choriocapillaris, pigmented epithelium, photoreceptors) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841835596">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="idm1841835596">
        <label>Figure 1.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Bruch's membrane (black arrow) forms the basement membrane of the cells of the pigmented epithelium of the retina (orange arrow). The yellow star indicates the spaces inside the capillaries in the choroidal layer, and the blue arrow indicates the region that corresponds to the subretinal space, where the retinal photoreceptors (cones and rods) are normally located. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image1.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>In this work we present a case of closed ocular trauma, with Berlin edema, which was treated with ǪIAPI ®, to restore the balance in the generation of oxygen at the intracellular level, and the results, in terms of visual acuity, were excellent, given the proximity of the choroid ruptures to the foveolar umbo</p>
      <p>PATIENT NAME: D. A. V. M.</p>
      <p>DATE OF BIRTH: 09/Apr/1997 TODAY'S DATE: 18/Jan/25 GENDER: Male.</p>
      <p>Phototype V. Yesterday, an accident at work, heavy machinery, the machine threw a stone and fell it in the right eye. In a private hospital they treated him, they proposed surgery, they prescribed him: Ketorolac, serrati peptidase, and Vigamoxi eye drops. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841836676">Figure 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841838332">Figure 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841820388">Figure 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841821036">Figure 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841820964">Figure 6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841818444">Figure 7</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841819020">Figure 8</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841816428">Figure 9</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841822548">Figure 10</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841822044">Figure 11</xref>, Figure 12).</p>
      <p>SpO2%: 89 %</p>
      <p>Heart beat: 65 x´</p>
      <p>Sciascopy: ++/++</p>
      <fig id="idm1841836676">
        <label>Figure 2.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Facial thermography of the patient, where an elevation of temperature is seen in the region of the inner canthus of the right eye. The temperature is in degrees Celsius. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image2.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841838332">
        <label>Figure 3.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The clinical photograph of the patient shows moderate eyelid edema on the right side. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image3.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841820388">
        <label>Figure 4.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the right eye shows moderate palpebral edema, as well as moderate                conjunctival edema, especially in the inferior temporal region, where a conjunctival wound can be seen, which only affects the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image4.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841821036">
        <label>Figure 5.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The slit-lamp photograph shows the anterior segment, relatively unscathed, in terms of transparent media (Cornea, crystalline and vitreous). </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image5.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841820964">
        <label>Figure 6.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Slit-lamp examination showed a solution of continuity in the left temporal  region, which fortunately only affected the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule, while the sclera was unscathed. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image6.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841818444">
        <label>Figure 7.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the fundus of the right eye shows significant subretinal bleeding, which affects the entire macular area; and some blood is also seen in the vitreous body. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image7.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841819020">
        <label>Figure 8.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the superior temporal region of the retina of the right eye shows the extent of subretinal bleeding as well as retinal edema. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image8.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841816428">
        <label>Figure 9.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The extent of bleeding, mainly subretinal, is extensive and of significant volume, suggesting choroid rupture in this area. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image9.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841822548">
        <label>Figure 10.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The location of the bleeding is mainly subretinal, although blood is seen in minimal quantity in the vitreous body. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image10.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841822044">
        <label>Figure 11.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the left eye does not show pathological data.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image11.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>Figure 12. The photograph of the back of the eye, on the left side, shows a normal anatomy.</p>
      <fig id="idm1841812620">
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image12.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>February 1, 2025</p>
      <p>During the second consultation, carried out on 02/01/2025, the following photographs were taken (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841809596">Figure 13</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841807220">Figure 14</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841807652">Figure 15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841808156">Figure 16</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841806356">Figure 17</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841806572">Figure 18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841803116">Figure 19</xref>)</p>
      <p>SpO2 %: 87 %</p>
      <p>Heart rate: 74 x ́</p>
      <p>Sciascopy: ++/++ </p>
      <fig id="idm1841809596">
        <label>Figure 13.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Thermography shows a similar temperature on both inner edges. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image13.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841807220">
        <label>Figure 14.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The palpebral edema on the affected side (right eye) has decreased significantly. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image14.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841807652">
        <label>Figure 15.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph shows better specular reflection, compared to the first day of the exam. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image15.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841808156">
        <label>Figure 16.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The anterior segment of the right eye shows the vitreous with greater transparency. The cornea and lens, as well as the anterior chamber, are in good condition. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image16.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841806356">
        <label>Figure 17.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photographs show a whitish mass in the place occupied by the blood, which is compatible with the term "ghost cells" used to refer to the accumulations of cell membranes of empty erythrocytes. Bleeding has not increased anymore. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image17.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841806572">
        <label>Figure 18.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Mirror reflection of the eye on the left side, undisturbed.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image18.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841803116">
        <label>Figure 19.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the fundus, on the left side, remains unaltered. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image19.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>February 22, 2025</p>
      <p>There is no pain, only minimal discomfort, and my vision has improved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841801244">Figure 20</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841799804">Figure 21</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841797716">Figure 22</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841798796">Figure 23</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841777580">Figure 24</xref>) </p>
      <p>SpO2 %: 91 %</p>
      <p>Heartbeat: 67 x´ </p>
      <p>Sciascopy: ++/++ </p>
      <fig id="idm1841801244">
        <label>Figure 20.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The mirror reflection of the affected (right) eye continues to improve.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image20.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841799804">
        <label>Figure 21.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The anterior segment of the right eye responds with difficulty to mydriatics, which is usual in diseased eyes. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image21.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841797716">
        <label>Figure 22.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The whitish mass of phantom cells continues to decrease. The treatment continues to be based on ǪIAPI 1®, sublingual drops, three drops every hour, for as long as the patient is awake. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image22.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841798796">
        <label>Figure 23.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The mirror reflection of the left eye, without anomalies. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image22.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841777580">
        <label>Figure 24.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The eye that was not affected by the trauma (left side) remains in good condition. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image23.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>March 15 2025</p>
      <p>Feels fine, better, occasional headache (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841774772">Figure 25</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841773188">Figure 26</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841772900">Figure 27</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841770308">Figure 28</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841771028">Figure 29</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841771748">Figure 30</xref>)</p>
      <p>SpO2%: 89%, </p>
      <p>heart rate 68 x´, </p>
      <p>Sciascopy: +/+.</p>
      <fig id="idm1841774772">
        <label>Figure 25.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Mirror reflection of the affected eye (right side), with good appearance. This indicates that the transparent media of the eyeball (Cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are in good condition. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image24.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841773188">
        <label>Figure 26.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The macrograph of the anterior segment of the right eye (affected) shows very good transparency of the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image25.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841772900">
        <label>Figure 27.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The three previous photographs of the right fundus show that the whitish mass composed mainly of phantom cells continues to decrease.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image26.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841770308">
        <label>Figure 28.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the left eye shows a specular reflection without pathology data. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image27.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841771028">
        <label>Figure 29.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The transparent media of the left eye does not show any alteration. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image28.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841771748">
        <label>Figure 30.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The anatomy of the posterior pole of the left eye is preserved, without showing pathology data. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image29.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <p>August 26, 2025</p>
      <p>It's been fine, there's only a little veil that prevents it from seeing well completely, although it's very transparent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841782620">Figure 31</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841782476">Figure 32</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841780100">Figure 33</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841779596">Figure 34</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841760932">Figure 35</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1841761940">Figure 36</xref>).</p>
      <p>94 %</p>
      <p>62 x ́</p>
      <p>++/++ </p>
      <fig id="idm1841782620">
        <label>Figure 31.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The photograph of the right eye shows an almost normal mirror reflection, as well as a better pupillary dilation. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image30.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841782476">
        <label>Figure 32.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The macro photograph of the right eye shows us a cornea, anterior camera, and crystalline lens in very good condition. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image31.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841780100">
        <label>Figure 33.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The 3 previous photographs show that whitish mass has almost completely disappeared, and to date only a remnant remains on the left side of the photograph. The chorioretinal scar that is now                  observed corresponds to the area affected by the blunt trauma, which presumably caused rupture of Bruch's membrane. Fortunately, the macular region has recovered almost in its entirety, so the impairment in central vision was minimal. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image32.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841779596">
        <label>Figure 34.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The mirror reflection of the healthy eye (L. E.) continues within normal limits. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image33.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841760932">
        <label>Figure 35.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The anatomy of the anterior segment of the left eye is shown without alterations. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image34.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="idm1841761940">
        <label>Figure 36.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> The retina, optic nerve, choroid, and macula of the left eye do not show any evidence of sympathetic ophthalmia. </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image35.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"/>
      </fig>
    </sec>
    <sec id="idm1842466812" sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>Despite being a patient affected in the macular region by the blunt trauma he suffered at work, the             recovery was very satisfactory, which is not easy to achieve with established orthodox treatments,              including surgery and powerful anti- inflammatories.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="idm1842467100" sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Commotio retinae with foveal involvement, also known as Berlin´s Edema <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842151500">7</xref>, It is a common cause of monocular vision loss, especially in young male adults. The prognosis is uncertain depending on variables such as location of the affected area, severity of the damage that occurred, extent of the bleeding, vision at the beginning of treatment, etc. There is no single or optimal treatment as it depends on the conditions at the beginning of treatment.</p>
      <p>The purpose of publishing this case is to demonstrate the benefits of a new therapeutic approach based on the unsuspected ability of human cells to produce their own oxygen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1842154308">8</xref>, which breaks into a thousand pieces the old dogma, widely spread, that our body took the oxygen it requires for its metabolism from the air that surrounds it.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from Human Photosynthesis® Research Center, in Aguascalientes 2000, México.</p>
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