Research studies significantly indicates that there exists gender differences in emotional intelligence aspects. A study explored that female participants’ assessment score regarding emotional intelligence are greater than male participants of the study, both in personal and organizational settings. Whereas slight differences to these results may occur due to change of instrument 16. Another study 17 examined that male respondents of the study achieve lower scores than female respondents while assessment based on EI Test 18. Study reported no significant difference between male respondents and female respondents while collecting the study data through Bar-On Emotion Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) 18. Likewise a study 19 also mentioned no gender differences related to emotional intelligence while taking respondent data through Self-Report EI Test (SREIT). While some studies suggested that gender contributes as a demographic factor in emotional intelligence only when there exists probable cause of cognitive difference rather than considering overall demographic and capability factors. Gender differences is also notable fact in demographic factors of the respondent and holds considerable debate in research analysis. But there is also possibility of biasedness regarding assessment of results, such as considering only male respondent capable of responding to research inventory. There is still gap in the area of research regarding emotional intelligence while considering gender as demographic factor of respondent 17.

Different research studies has identified that emotional intelligence mostly have notable effects on routine matters of an individual. A study explained that greater level of individual emotional intelligence assures personal contentment in life 20. Another research revealed that individuals with greater level of emotional intelligence were capable of effectively use adaptive life strategies and demonstrate improved psychological condition 21. Measurement inventories of emotional intelligence have exemplified that individuals with higher emotional intelligence level are appeared to be spending healthier life style, positive attitudes towards individuals or groups to whom they are associated and keeping items those remind them about their loved ones 17.

Higher level of emotional intelligence also contributes towards individual progression at place of work. Therefore, the applied psychology also suggests being emotionally constant at workplace to achieve desired work achievements. Research disclosed major causes regarding individual assessment and improvement of emotional intelligence through using profession as its means, which includes: To achieve desired goals at professional place emotional intelligence capabilities are essential 22. Many individuals enter the profession without having specific capabilities needed to perform professional tasks. Most of the organizations support and encourage several ways to enhance emotional intelligence while performing professional tasks 23.

Research had shown that higher emotional intelligence has stronger effects on personality of individual as compare to higher Intelligent Quotient. Researcher further argued that emotional intelligence is more influential as compare to Intelligent Quotient 24.The argument supported the previous research which disclosed that the forecasting attribute of Intelligent Quotient on organizational or educational settings is not much obvious, while performing educational tasks there exists considerable variance in I.Q level of individual which ranges from 10% to 25% 25.Further survey studies also found emotional intelligence as significant factor of personality dimension of individual 26. Another study with 450 respondents informed that I.Q level has lesser effects on their academic achievement as compare to emotional intelligence, E.I is also essential for predicting achievement level of students which also contributes to individual dealing with depression and anxiety 27.

Self-efficacy refers to individual’s certainty to manage the mental information and deploy the sequence of actions in response to particular situation or to handle forthcoming situation. On the other hand, self-efficacy is individual’s confidence regarding his/her capacity to be successful in specific circumstances. Research described this sort of personal confidence or certainty as factors of individual thinking, conduct and sensation. Individuals’ approaches, capabilities and reasoning abilities in terms of research known as self-system. This kind of system acts as significant part regarding how an individual observe and react to diverse situations face by that individual. Moreover, self-efficacy acts as vital element of self-system of an individual 28.

There are several concepts those are interrelated with the concept of self-efficacy, to understand the concept of self-efficacy it is essential to differentiate it from its interrelated concepts.

Self-efficacy cannot be considered as a skill to observe a situation; it is individual’s trust on personal competencies in relation to certain situation. It is not related to individual’s certainty regarding personal capacity to deploy common psychomotor actions, but it is related to individual’s confidence regarding personal capacity to manage and compose talents and capabilities in a diverse and puzzle situation. Self-efficacy competency is not just the expected performance or actions of an individual. Self-efficacy is also not a common response to a challenging situation. Common response is related to justification of situation containing individual reaction and circumstances after the reaction. Self-efficacy principles are related to personal belief about competencies. Self-efficacy cannot be related to aim and objects to achieve certain goals. Objectives are the possible actions to achieve goal; and research studies had proven that objectives can be effected by several elements containing self-efficacy of an individual 29.

Self-efficacy cannot be interrelated with self-esteem. Self-esteem is related to individuals’ awareness and beliefs about themselves and feelings related to that awareness and beliefs. Efficacy attributes in certain field of psychology will support individual’s self-esteem only if individual is focused to improve these efficacy attributes 30.

Self-efficacy is not an intention, determination or need for direction. Individual may certainly in need of direction in certain situation but there is possibility that an individual is still having weak efficacy regarding certain situation 2930.

Self-efficacy is not considered as heredity characteristic of any individual but rather it advances as time passes and being familiar with challenging situations. This process of advancement regarding these emotions begins in childhood and progress during whole life. Knowledge regarding developmental process of self-efficacy requires its interpretation of theoretical and conceptual knowledge. Social cognitive theory provides better interpretation of self-efficacy; which is related to the knowledge of human reasoning, reaction, feelings and encouragement that inspires an individual as an active member of society rather than a passive observer 31.

Every individuals possess influential reasoning abilities that allow them to establish mental information regarding routine life, the progression of impressive attitudes, testing of assumptions related to adopted attitudes while making expectations regarding consequences and the sharing of personal knowledge related to actions and their consequences. This process also involves personal scrutiny which relates to assess and evaluate personal attitudes, thinking and feelings. These actions are related to personal assessment and directing and controlling personal behavior 32.

Personal engagements to real situations are stronger means to enhance individuals’ self-efficacy in real sense. Effective attempt to manage personal behavior increases self-efficacy and expertise regarding that specific situation. Unsuccessful attempts on controlled behavior reduces self-efficacy for that domain and behavior 33.

These assumptions are related to observation of the individual regarding attitudes and activities of other people leads to self-efficacy of individual. Individual observes the conduct of person he/she is observing then assumes performing same activities and facing consequences at personal level. These type of assumptions have less influence on individual self-efficacy as compare to actual involvement in situation 34.

Self-efficacy can be through effective use of imagination power, such as an individual engaging into challenging situation through imagination. Such situations can be created in mind with the use of mental information related to real experiences and hypothesized experiences of individual, or these imagination can brought into the attention of individual through creating a complex and challenging situation with verbal conversation which is also a way used by psychiatrists, it is often referred as covert modeling. The actual experiences may bring more intensive and complex situation than hypothetical situation but imaginable experiences are somehow effective while supporting self-efficacy of an individual 35.

Self-efficacy is additionally effected by what other people expected us to perform and what they be certain of us to perform. Furthermore, verbal encouragement is also effected by several elements in regards to increase or decrease in self-efficacy such as persuasion competency, persuasion reliability and persuasion desirability by the persuader. There exists association between persuasion and behavioral changes.Despite that fact, personal engagement and field experiences are considered more authentic sources of long lasting effects on self-efficacy as compare to verbal persuasion 35.

Self-efficacy is also effected by physical aspects and feelings of individual, it is gradual experience of individual to relate less amount of effort to failure as well as reasonable amount of effort to achieve particular goal and getting happiness. Therefore, through this process an individual is being conscious regarding undesirable physiological stimulation, it is also possible that individual can have self-doubt after not achieving success while having desirable physiological arousal and effort. Similarly, relaxed physiological atmosphere can lead to self-assurance in individual’s personal capabilities for particular situation. Physiological efforts provide anticipation for increase in the level of self-efficacy, and integrate individual effort to group effort for a particular task. For instance, the task that is more psychomotor and requires power and energy to perform, in that case the observed self-efficacy of individual is effected by exhaustion and tiredness 3633.

Almost every individual is ascertain regarding desired goals they want to achieve, revolution they want to bring and tasks they want to undertake for achievement purpose. Though, there is also need to take certain actions to accomplish desired tasks in effective manner. Research had shown that self-efficacy act as fundamental attribute to achieve desired goals, accomplish particular tasks and to face challenging situations in life.

Individual with Higher Level of Self-efficacy:

Reasonable level of self-efficacy for tasks to accomplish.

Mastery of desired tasks for particular challenging situations.

Preferred level of aptitude to perform the required tasks.

Affirm commitment with tasks and aptitude level.

Rapid improvement in case of facing hindrance or failure.

Individual with Lower Level of Self-Efficacy:

Find ways to escape while performing complex tasks.

Underestimate their skills to perform challenging tasks.

Avoid mastering desired tasks to accomplish goal.

Pay attention to failure rather than reasons of failure.

Fall in disappointment regarding their own capabilities 37.

Self-efficacy could be increased through several sources other than fundamental sources.

Self-efficacy can be progressed through mastering the skills and abilities to effectively perform a particular task. Carrying out desired task in effective manner increases the level of self-efficacy of an individual. Similarly, while performing undesirable effort which could lead to unsuccessful attempt to a task can decrease the level of self-efficacy 38.

Social modeling is related to taking notice of the productive performance of people who already achieved success in a particular task. This process enables an individual to observe the skills those are required to successfully achieve the desired goal. Through this mechanism they can master the equivalent processes to accomplish success 3940.

Research also emphasized that an individual could be convinced that they have the talent to gain achievement for particular goal. Positive and boosting remarks from people who are associated with individual can motive individual to achieve a particular goal. Verbal reinforcement can reduce stress and anxiety which helps any individual to gain focus on a particular task and to gain achievement as well 41.

Self-efficacy also deals with personal reactions to particular situation, these reactions also contribute towards self-efficacy. Attitudes, feelings, physical response and anxiety level can affect individuals’ feeling regarding personal capabilities in specific circumstances. An individual that feels hesitation while talking in front of people may be having low level of self-efficacy in that particular situation. Research studies revealed that self-efficacy deals with perception and analysis of a particular situation rather than specifically dealing with personal sensation and physical response. Individual can improve self-efficacy through experiencing challenging situations while decreasing the anxiety level and by controlling attitude and emotions 4243.

Table 3 shows the value of Cronbach alpha of Emotional Intelligence scale and Balance Task Leadership and their sub-scales. The reliabilities of all scales and subscales are highly satisfactory of Emotional Intelligence and Self Efficacy except Managing Other Emotions subscale of Emotional Intelligence. It also indicates the mean and Standard Deviation of Emotional Intelligence scale and Self Efficacy scale and also its subscales. The actual and potential ranges of Emotional Intelligence scale its sub-scales and Self Efficacy scale shows in table which indicates that actual ranges are highly satisfactory. All the scales and most of the subscales are negatively skewed.

Table 6 shows inter-scale correlation of Emotional intelligence and Self Efficacy with Age. The correlation coefficients range from .070 to .162*. There are significantly correlated in positive direction. Table also shows inter-scale correlation of Emotional intelligence and Self Efficacy with Mother Education. The correlation coefficients range from .002 to .98. There are significantly correlated in positive direction. Table 6 in addition shows inter-scale correlation of Emotional intelligence and Self Efficacy with Father Education. The correlation coefficients range from -.008 to .111. There are significantly correlated in positive direction. Table 6 also shows inter-scale correlation of Emotional intelligence and Self Efficacy with birth order. The correlation coefficients range from .003 to .062*. There are significantly correlated in positive direction. Table 6 further shows inter-scale correlation of Emotional intelligence and Self Efficacy with number of siblings. The correlation coefficients range from -.028 to .096. There are significantly correlated in positive direction.

Table 7 indicates Mean difference of Males and Females on Emotional intelligence, its subscales and Self Efficacy that there is non-significant relationship between (p>0.05) of emotional Intelligence with gender and also it subscales but there is a significant relationship (p<0.05) of Self Efficacy Scale with gender.